Global Optical Networks enable the High-speed Internet by utilizing various photonic- and wireless- networks, lambda grids, and fiber-optic links over the vast landscape of our planet. These are the workhorse for Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) from the architectural, security, signal transport and application perspectives. Photonics and Optoelectronics are the disciplines that have emerged from the “fundamental light-matter interaction” and its engineering applications. At the core level, it starts from fundamental principles of optics and optical materials and encompasses the micro/nano-fabrication of semiconductor devices, components, and functional modules and sub-assemblies. On the application side, such devices enable the ICT and constitute physical layer of contemporary infrastructure.